Evaluating Transformer-Based Pretrained Models for Classical Arabic Named Entity Recognition

This study presents a comprehensive comparative evaluation of transformer-based pretrained language models for Named Entity Recognition (NER) in Classical Arabic, an underexplored linguistic variety characterized by rich morphology, orthographic ambiguity, and the absence of diacritics. The main objective of this work is to identify the most effective transformer model for Classical Arabic NER and to analyze the linguistic factors influencing model performance. Using the CANERCorpus, which contains Hadith texts annotated with twenty fine-grained entity types, ten transformer-based models were fine-tuned and evaluated under consistent experimental settings. The study benchmarks models such as AraBERT, ArBERT, and multiple CAMeLBERT variants, comparing their precision, recall, and F1-scores. The results demonstrate that all models achieve strong performance (F1 > 96%), while CAMeL-CA-NER attains the highest score (F1 = 97.78%), confirming the advantage of domain-specific pretraining on Classical Arabic data. Error analysis further reveals that domain-adapted models better handle ambiguous entities and religious terminology. A comparative analysis with traditional and non-transformer approaches, including rule-based and BERT-CRF models from previous studies, shows that CAMeL-CA-NER surpasses earlier methods by more than 3% in F1-score, highlighting its superior capability in handling Classical Arabic text. However, this study is limited to the CANERCorpus, which primarily consists of Hadith texts; results may vary for other Classical Arabic genres or domains. These findings provide a valuable benchmark for future research and demonstrate the adaptability of modern NLP architectures to linguistically complex, low-resource domains.

@article{Muhammed2025,
  title     = {Evaluating Transformer-Based Pretrained Models for Classical Arabic Named Entity Recognition},
  journal   = {International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications},
  volume    = {16},
  number    = {10},
  year      = {2025},
  publisher = {The Science and Information Organization},
  author    = {Mariam Muhammed and Shahira Azab},
  doi       = {10.14569/IJACSA.2025.0161019},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.14569/IJACSA.2025.0161019}
}