Stochastic Policies, Deterministic Minds: A Calibrated Evaluation Protocol and Diagnostics for Deep Reinforcement Learning

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) typically in-volves training agents with stochastic exploration policies while evaluating them deterministically. This discrepancy between stochastic training and deterministic evaluation introduces a potential objective mismatch, raising questions about the validity of current evaluation practices. Our study involved training 40 Proximal Policy Optimization agents across eight Atari environments and examined eleven evaluation policies ranging from deterministic to high-entropy strategies. We analyzed mean episode rewards and their coefficient of variation while assessing one-step temporal-difference errors related to low-confidence actions for value-function calibration. Our findings indicate that the optimal evaluation policy is highly dependent on the environment. deterministic evaluation performed best in three games, while low-to-moderate-entropy policies yielded higher returns in five, with a significant improvement of over 57% in Breakout. However, increased policy entropy generally degraded stability—evidenced by a rise in the coefficient of variation in Pong from 0.00 to 2.90. Additionally, low-confidence actions often revealed an over-optimistic value function, exemplified by negative TD errors, including -10.67 in KungFuMaster. We recommend treating evaluation-time entropy as a tunable hyperparameter, starting with deterministic or low-temperature softmax settings to optimize both return and stability on held-out seeds. These insights provide actionable strategies for practitioners aiming to enhance their DRL-based agents.

@article{Jang2025,
  title     = {Stochastic Policies, Deterministic Minds: A Calibrated Evaluation Protocol and Diagnostics for Deep Reinforcement Learning},
  journal   = {International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications},
  volume    = {16},
  number    = {10},
  year      = {2025},
  publisher = {The Science and Information Organization},
  author    = {Sooyoung Jang and Seungho Yang and Changbeom Choi},
  doi       = {10.14569/IJACSA.2025.0161099},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.14569/IJACSA.2025.0161099}
}