Abstract: The rapid development of computing hardware has been driven by an ever-emerging need for high throughput, scalable performance, and computation capabilities to be able to address increasingly complex problems. The paradigm of classical computing, centered on deterministic binary logic and the von Neumann architecture, has long favored modern information processing and still supports a wide range of applications. However, physical limits in scaling transistors, power dissipation, and slowing down Moore's Law have stimulated the consideration of alternative computing paradigms. Quantum computing is now an emerging means that exploits the basic principles of quantum mechanics-such as superposition, entanglement, and quantum interference-to enable new forms of computation. This review study discusses a comparison between the classical and quantum computing systems in operational paradigms, architecture structures, performance characteristics, and application domains. This work is supported by a systematic review of the established theories, currently realized hardware implementations, and representative algorithms. The analysis underlines that classical systems remain very reliable, scalable, and efficient in general-purpose and deterministic workloads, while quantum systems ensure essential advantages in specified problem classes, such as cryptography, quantum chemistry, combinatorial optimization, and selected machine learning tasks. The study concludes that classical and quantum computing are best viewed as complementary technologies. Future high-performance computing platforms will most likely be based on hybrid-classical–quantum architectures in which quantum processors serve as specialized accelerators to help classical systems solve new computational challenges.

Tariq Jamil. “From Bits to Qubits: Comparative Insights into Classical and Quantum Computing Systems”. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications (IJACSA) 16.12 (2025). http://dx.doi.org/10.14569/IJACSA.2025.0161216

@article{Jamil2025,
title = {From Bits to Qubits: Comparative Insights into Classical and Quantum Computing Systems},
journal = {International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications},
doi = {10.14569/IJACSA.2025.0161216},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.14569/IJACSA.2025.0161216},
year = {2025},
publisher = {The Science and Information Organization},
volume = {16},
number = {12},
author = {Tariq Jamil}
}