Human–Technology Interaction in Generative AI: A Theoretical Review of Technology Acceptance and Cognitive Response

The rapid rise of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) has transformed the way humans interact with technology and has revealed cognitive mechanisms that extend beyond the explanatory scope of traditional technology acceptance models, such as the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Technology Acceptance Model 2 (TAM2), and the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT). This theoretical review examines the combined role of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Cognitive Response Theory (CRT) in explaining GenAI-related user behaviors. The increasing involvement of GenAI in knowledge production triggers complex cognitive reactions, including cognitive trust, curiosity, ambivalence, epistemic suspicion, and resistance, which fundamentally shape technology acceptance processes. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines, a systematic literature search was conducted in the Web of Science and Scopus databases. From 3,842 records published between 2014 and 2025, duplicates were removed, and the remaining studies underwent title–abstract and full-text screening. In the final stage, 69 publications were included in the review corpus. The findings indicate that, while perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use remain core determinants of GenAI adoption within the TAM framework, integrating CRT highlights the importance of deeper internal mechanisms, such as cognitive reappraisal, epistemic trust, algorithmic scepticism, cognitive load, and curiosity. Post-ChatGPT literature further emphasizes the influence of anthropomorphic cues and cognitive tension on user attitudes, trust calibration, and engagement. Overall, the combined application of TAM and CRT provides a more comprehensive theoretical lens for understanding GenAI interactions by concurrently capturing cognitive, emotional, and behavioural processes. This integrative approach offers a comprehensive lens for understanding cognitive, emotional, and behavioral processes in GenAI interactions.

@article{Dagtekin2025,
  title     = {Human–Technology Interaction in Generative AI: A Theoretical Review of Technology Acceptance and Cognitive Response},
  journal   = {International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications},
  volume    = {16},
  number    = {12},
  year      = {2025},
  publisher = {The Science and Information Organization},
  author    = {Ugur Dagtekin and Ahmet Kamil Kabakus},
  doi       = {10.14569/IJACSA.2025.0161218},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.14569/IJACSA.2025.0161218}
}