Empirical Validation of Learnability Factors in Web-Based AR: Insights from the LEMARK–Hafsa Model Grounded in Kolb’s Experiential Learning Theory

Abstract: Augmented Reality in higher education is transforming learning by providing immersive environments that enhance cognitive and motivational engagement. Despite growing interest, there remain limited empirically validated learnability factors that can support future instructional models, such as the LEMARK-Hafsa model. This research attempts to bridge the identified gap through statistically validating seven key factors—Motivation, Confidence, Enhanced Focus, Visualization of Invisible Concepts, Satisfaction, Better Lab Experience, and Better Learning—within the LEMARK-Hafsa model grounded in Kolb’s Experiential Learning Theory. Data collected from 291 participants underwent expert validation, data cleaning, exploratory factor analysis, and regression analysis. The exploratory factor analysis confirmed structural validity, with factor loadings ranging from 0.430 to 0.822. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin value was 0.769, and Bartlett’s test was significant (p < 0.001), indicating that the data were suitable for factor analysis and supported multiple distinct factors. The regression results showed that Visualization of Invisible Concepts had a statistically significant positive effect on learning outcomes (the normalized regression weight recorded as 0.155, p = 0.031), while Enhanced Focus (p value of 0.091) and Satisfaction (p value of 0.089) were close to significance. Motivation, Confidence, and Better Lab Experience also showed positive, though not statistically significant, effects that were consistent with theoretical expectations. These findings provide empirical support for the statistical adequacy of the proposed LEMARK–Hafsa factors, establishing a validated measurement basis for subsequent theoretical integration and model-level investigation in research on web-based Augmented Reality learning environments in higher education.

Sayera Hafsa, Mazlina Abdul Majid and Shafiq Ur Rehman. “Empirical Validation of Learnability Factors in Web-Based AR: Insights from the LEMARK–Hafsa Model Grounded in Kolb’s Experiential Learning Theory”. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications (IJACSA) 17.2 (2026). http://dx.doi.org/10.14569/IJACSA.2026.0170223

@article{Hafsa2026,
title = {Empirical Validation of Learnability Factors in Web-Based AR: Insights from the LEMARK–Hafsa Model Grounded in Kolb’s Experiential Learning Theory},
journal = {International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications},
doi = {10.14569/IJACSA.2026.0170223},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.14569/IJACSA.2026.0170223},
year = {2026},
publisher = {The Science and Information Organization},
volume = {17},
number = {2},
author = {Sayera Hafsa and Mazlina Abdul Majid and Shafiq Ur Rehman}
}