Abstract: Artificial intelligence (AI) possesses the capacity to transform numerous facets of our existence; however, it concomitantly engenders considerable risks associated with bias and discrimination. This article explores emerging technologies like Explainable AI (XAI), Fairness Metrics (FMs), and Adversarial Learning (AL) for bias mitigation while emphasizing the critical role of transparency, accountability, and continuous monitoring and evaluation in AI governance. The Holistic AI Governance Framework (HAGF) is introduced, featuring a comprehensive, five-layered structure that integrates top-down and bottom-up strategies. HAGF prioritizes foundational principles and resource allocation, outlining five lifecycle-specific phases. Unlike the OECD AI Principles, which offer a general ethical framework lacking holistic perspective and resource allocation guidance, and the Berkman Klein Center's Model, which provides a broad framework but omits resource allocation and detailed implementation, HAGF offers actionable mechanisms. Tailored Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) are proposed for each HAGF layer, enabling ongoing refinement and adaptation to the evolving AI landscape. While acknowledging the need for enhancements in data governance and enforcement, the embedded KPIs ensure accountability and transparency, positioning HAGF as a pivotal framework for navigating the complexities of ethical AI.

Ibrahim Atoum, “Revolutionizing AI Governance: Addressing Bias and Ensuring Accountability Through the Holistic AI Governance Framework” International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications(IJACSA), 16(2), 2025. http://dx.doi.org/10.14569/IJACSA.2025.0160283

@article{Atoum2025,
title = {Revolutionizing AI Governance: Addressing Bias and Ensuring Accountability Through the Holistic AI Governance Framework},
journal = {International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications},
doi = {10.14569/IJACSA.2025.0160283},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.14569/IJACSA.2025.0160283},
year = {2025},
publisher = {The Science and Information Organization},
volume = {16},
number = {2},
author = {Ibrahim Atoum}
}